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Term
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Definition
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active voice
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one of two voices in English; a direct form of expression where the subject performs or "acts" the verb; see also passive voice
eg: "Many people eat rice"
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adjective
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part of speech that typically describes or "modifies" a noun
eg: "It was a big dog."
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adjective clause
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seldom-used term for relative clause
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adjunct
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word or phrase that adds information to a sentence and that can be removed from the sentence without making the sentence ungrammatical
eg: I met John at school.
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adverb
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word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb
eg: quickly, really, very
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adverbial clause
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dependent clause that acts like an adverb and indicates such things as time, place or reason
eg: Although we are getting older, we grow more beautiful each day.
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affirmative
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statement that expresses (or claims to express) a truth or "yes" meaning; opposite of negative
eg: The sun is hot.
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affix
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language unit (morpheme) that occurs before or after (or sometimes within) the root or stem of a word
eg: un- in unhappy (prefix), -ness in happiness (suffix)
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agreement
(also known as "concord")
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logical (in a grammatical sense) links between words based on tense, case or number
eg: this phone, these phones
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antecedent
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word, phrase or clause that is replaced by a pronoun (or other substitute) when mentioned subsequently (in the same sentence or later)
eg: "Emily is nice because she brings me flowers."
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appositive
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noun phrase that re-identifies or describes its neighbouring noun
eg: "Canada, a multicultural country, is recognized by its maple leaf flag."
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article
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determiner that introduces a noun phrase as definite (the) or indefinite (a/an)
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aspect
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feature of some verb forms that relates to duration or completion of time; verbs can have no aspect (simple), or can have continuous or progressive aspect (expressing duration), or have perfect or perfective aspect (expressing completion)
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auxiliary verb
(also called "helping verb")
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verb used with the main verb to help indicate something such as tense or voice
eg: I do not like you. She has finished. He can swim.
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bare infinitive
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unmarked form of the verb (no indication of tense, mood, person, or aspect) without the particle "to"; typically used after modal auxiliary verbs; see also infinitive
eg: "He should come", "I can swim"
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base form
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basic form of a verb before conjugation into tenses etc
eg: be, speak
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case
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form of a pronoun based on its relationship to other words in the sentence; case can be subjective, objective or possessive
eg: "I love this dog", "This dog loves me", "This is my dog"
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causative verb
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verb that causes things to happen such as "make", "get" and "have"; the subject does not perform the action but is indirectly responsible for it
eg: "She made me go to school", "I had my nails painted"
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clause
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group of words containing a subject and its verb
eg: "It was late when he arrived"
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comparative,
comparative adjective
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form of an adjective or adverb made with "-er" or "more" that is used to show differences or similarities between two things (not three or more things)
eg: colder, more quickly
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complement
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part of a sentence that completes or adds meaning to the predicate
eg: Mary did not say where she was going.
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compound noun
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noun that is made up of more than one word; can be one word, or hyphenated, or separated by a space
eg: toothbrush, mother-in-law, Christmas Day
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compound sentence
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sentence with at least two independent clauses; usually joined by a conjunction
eg: "You can have something healthy but you can't have more junk food."
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concord
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another term for agreement
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conditional
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structure in English where one action depends on another ("if-then" or "then-if" structure); most common are 1st, 2nd, and 3rd conditionals
eg: "If I win I will be happy", "I would be happy if I won"
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conjugate
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to show the different forms of a verb according to voice, mood, tense, number and person; conjugation is quite simple in English compared to many other languages
eg: I walk, you walk, he/she/it walks, we walk, they walk; I walked, you walked, he/she/it walked, we walked, they walked
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conjunction
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word that joins or connects two parts of a sentence
eg: Ram likes tea and coffee. Anthony went swimming although it was raining.
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content word
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word that has meaning in a sentence, such as a verb or noun (as opposed to a structure word, such as pronoun or auxiliary verb); content words are stressed in speech
eg: "Could you BRING my GLASSES because I've LEFT them at HOME"
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continuous
(also called "progressive")
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verb form (specifically an aspect) indicating actions that are in progress or continuing over a given time period (can be past, present or future); formed with "BE" + "VERB-ing"
eg: "They are watching TV."
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contraction
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shortening of two (or more) words into one
eg: isn't (is not), we'd've (we would have)
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countable noun
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thing that you can count, such as apple, pen, tree (see uncountable noun)
eg: one apple, three pens, ten trees
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dangling participle
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illogical structure that occurs in a sentence when a writer intends to modify one thing but the reader attaches it to another
eg: "Running to the bus, the flowers were blooming." (In the example sentence it seems that the flowers were running.)
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declarative sentence
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sentence type typically used to make a statement (as opposed to a question or command)
eg: "Tara works hard", "It wasn't funny"
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defining relative clause
(also called "restrictive relative clause")
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relative clause that contains information required for the understanding of the sentence; not set off with commas; see also non-defining clause
eg: "The boy who was wearing a blue shirt was the winner"
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demonstrative pronoun
demonstrative adjective
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pronoun or determiner that indicates closeness to (this/these) or distance from (that/those) the speaker
eg: "This is a nice car", "Can you see those cars?"
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dependent clause
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part of a sentence that contains a subject and a verb but does not form a complete thought and cannot stand on its own; see also independent clause
eg: "When the water came out of the tap..."
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determiner
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word such as an article or a possessive adjective or other adjective that typically comes at the beginning of noun phrases
eg: "It was an excellent film", "Do you like my new shirt?", "Let's buy some eggs"
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direct speech
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saying what someone said by using their exact words; see also indirect speech
eg: "Lucy said: 'I am tired.'"
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direct object
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noun phrase in a sentence that directly receives the action of the verb; see also indirect object
eg: "Joey bought the car", "I like it", "Can you see the man wearing a pink shirt and waving a gun in the air?"
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embedded question
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question that is not in normal question form with a question mark; it occurs within another statement or question and generally follows statement structure
eg: "I don't know where he went," "Can you tell me where it is before you go?", "They haven't decided whether they should come"
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finite verb
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verb form that has a specific tense, number and person
eg: I work, he works, we learned, they ran
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first conditional
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"if-then" conditional structure used for future actions or events that are seen as realistic possibilities
eg: "If we win the lottery we will buy a car"
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fragment
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incomplete piece of a sentence used alone as a complete sentence; a fragment does not contain a complete thought; fragments are common in normal speech but unusual (inappropriate) in formal writing
eg: "When's her birthday? - In December", "Will they come? - Probably not"
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function
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purpose or "job" of a word form or element in a sentence
eg: The function of a subject is to perform the action. One function of an adjective is to describe a noun. The function of a noun is to name things.
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future continuous
(also called "future progressive")
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tense* used to describe things that will happen in the future at a particular time; formed with WILL + BE + VERB-ing
eg: "I will be graduating in September."
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future perfect
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tense* used to express the past in the future; formed with WILL HAVE + VERB-ed
eg: "I will have graduated by then"
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future perfect continuous
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tense* used to show that something will be ongoing until a certain time in the future; formed with WILL HAVE BEEN + VERB-ing
eg: "We will have been living there for three months by the time the baby is born"
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future simple
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tense* used to describe something that hasn't happened yet such as a prediction or a sudden decision; formed with WILL + BASE VERB
eg: "He will be late", "I will answer the phone"
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gerund
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noun form of a verb, formed with VERB-ing
eg: "Walking is great exercise"
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gradable adjective
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adjective that can vary in intensity or grade when paired with a grading adverb ; see also non-gradable adjective
eg: quite hot, very tall
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grading adverb
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adverb that can modify the intensity or grade of a gradable adjective
eg: quite hot, very tall
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hanging participle
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another term for dangling participle
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helping verb
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another term for auxiliary verb
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imperative
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form of verb used when giving a command; formed with BASE VERB only
eg: "Brush your teeth!"
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indefinite pronoun
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pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite".
eg: anything, each, many, somebody
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independent clause
(also called "main clause")
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group of words that expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence; see also dependent clause
eg: "Tara is eating curry.", "Tara likes oranges and Joe likes apples."
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indirect object
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noun phrase representing the person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb; see also direct object
eg: "She showed me her book collection", "Joey bought his wife a new car"
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indirect question
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another term for embedded question
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indirect speech
(also called "reported speech")
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saying what someone said without using their exact words; see direct speech
eg: "Lucy said that she was tired"
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infinitive
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base form of a verb preceded by "to"**; see also bare infinitive
eg: "You need to study harder", "To be, or not to be: that is the question"
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inflection
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change in word form to indicate grammatical meaning
eg: dog, dogs (two inflections); take, takes, took, taking, taken (five inflections)
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interjection
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common word that expresses emotion but has no grammatical value; can often be used alone and is often followed by an exclamation mark
eg: "Hi!", "er", "Ouch!", "Dammit!"
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interrogative
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(formal) sentence type (typically inverted) normally used when asking a question
eg: "Are you eating?", "What are you eating?"
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interrogative pronoun
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pronoun that asks a question.
eg: who, whom, which
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intransitive verb
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verb that does not take a direct object; see also transitive verb
e.g. "He is working hard", "Where do you live?"
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inversion
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any reversal of the normal word order, especially placing the auxiliary verb before the subject; used in a variety of ways, as in question formation, conditional clauses and agreement or disagreement
eg: "Where are your keys?","Had we watched the weather report, we wouldn't have gone to the beach", "So did he", "Neither did she"
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irregular verb
see irregular verbs list
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verb that has a different ending for past tense and past participle forms than the regular "-ed"; see also regular verb
eg: buy, bought, bought; do, did, done
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lexicon, lexis
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all of the words and word forms in a language with meaning or function
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lexical verb
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another term for main verb
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linking verb
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verbs that connect the subject to more information (but do not indicate action), such as "be" or "seem"
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main clause
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another term for independent clause
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main verb
(also called "lexical verb")
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any verb in a sentence that is not an auxiliary verb; a main verb has meaning on its own
eg: "Does John like Mary?", "I will have arrived by 4pm"
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modal verb
(also called "modal")
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auxiliary verb such as can, could, must, should etc; paired with the bare infinitive of a verb
eg: "I should go for a jog"
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modifier
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word or phrase that modifies and limits the meaning of another word
eg: the house => the white house, the house over there, the house we sold last year
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mood
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sentence type that indicates the speaker's view towards the degree of reality of what is being said, for example subjunctive, indicative, imperative
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morpheme
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unit of language with meaning; differs from "word" because some cannot stand alone
e.g. un-, predict and -able in unpredictable
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multi-word verb
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verb that consists of a basic verb + another word or words (preposition and/or adverb)
eg: get up (phrasal verb), believe in (prepositional verb), get on with (phrasal-prepositional verb)
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negative
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form which changes a "yes" meaning to a "no" meaning; opposite of affirmative
eg: "She will not come", "I have never seen her"
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nominative case
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another term for subjective case
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non-defining relative clause
(also called "non-restrictive relative clause")
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relative clause that adds information but is not completely necessary; set off from the sentence with a comma or commas; see defining relative clause
eg: "The boy, who had a chocolate bar in his hand, was still hungry"
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non-gradable adjective
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adjective that has a fixed quality or intensity and cannot be paired with a grading adverb; see also gradable adjective
eg: freezing, boiling, dead
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non-restrictive relative clause
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another term for non-defining relative clause
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noun
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part of speech that names a person, place, thing, quality, quantity or concept; see also proper noun and compound noun
eg: "The man is waiting", "I was born in London", "Is that your car?", "Do you like music?"
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noun clause
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clause that takes the place of a noun and cannot stand on its own; often introduced with words such as "that, who or whoever"
eg: "What the president said was surprising"
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noun phrase (NP)
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any word or group of words based on a noun or pronoun that can function in a sentence as a subject, object or prepositional object; can be one word or many words; can be very simple or very complex
eg: "She is nice", "When is the meeting?", "The car over there beside the lampost is mine"
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number
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change of word form indicating one person or thing (singular) or more than one person or thing (plural)
eg: one dog/three dogs, she/they
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object
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thing or person affected by the verb; see also direct object and indirect object
eg: "The boy kicked the ball", "We chose the house with the red door"
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objective case
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case form of a pronoun indicating an object
eg: "John married her", "I gave it to him"
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part of speech
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one of the classes into which words are divided according to their function in a sentence
eg: verb, noun, adjective
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participle
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verb form that can be used as an adjective or a noun; see past participle, present participle
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passive voice
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one of two voices in English; an indirect form of expression in which the subject receives the action; see also active voice
eg: "Rice is eaten by many people"
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past tense
(also called "simple past")
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tense used to talk about an action, event or situation that occurred and was completed in the past
eg: "I lived in Paris for 10 years", "Yesterday we saw a snake"
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past continuous
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tense often used to describe an interrupted action in the past; formed with WAS/WERE + VERB-ing
eg: "I was reading when you called"
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past perfect
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tense that refers to the past in the past; formed with HAD + VERB-ed
eg: "We had stopped the car"
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past perfect continuous
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tense that refers to action that happened in the past and continued to a certain point in the past; formed with HAD BEEN + VERB-ing
eg: "I had been waiting for three hours when he arrived"
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past participle
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verb form (V3) - usually made by adding "-ed" to the base verb - typically used in perfect and passive tenses, and sometimes as an adjective
eg: "I have finished", "It was seen by many people", "boiled eggs"
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perfect
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verb form (specifically an aspect); formed with HAVE/HAS + VERB-ed (present perfect) or HAD + VERB-ed (past perfect)
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person
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grammatical category that identifies people in a conversation; there are three persons: 1st person (pronouns I/me, we/us) is the speaker(s), 2nd person (pronoun you) is the listener(s), 3rd person (pronouns he/him, she/her, it, they/them) is everybody or everything else
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personal pronoun
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pronoun that indicates person
eg: "He likes my dogs", "They like him"
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phrasal verb
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multi-word verb formed with a verb + adverb
eg: break up, turn off (see phrasal verbs list)
NB: many people and books call all multi-word verbs "phrasal verbs" (see multi-word verbs)
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phrase
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two or more words that have a single function and form part of a sentence; phrases can be noun, adjective, adverb, verb or prepositional
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plural
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of a noun or form indicating more than one person or thing; plural nouns are usually formed by adding "-s"; see also singular, number
eg: bananas, spoons, trees
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position
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grammatically correct placement of a word form in a phrase or sentence in relation to other word forms
eg: "The correct position for an article is at the beginning of the noun phrase that it describes"
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positive
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basic state of an adjective or adverb when it shows quality but not comparative or superlative
eg: nice, kind, quickly
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possessive adjective
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adjective (also called "determiner") based on a pronoun: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
eg: "I lost my keys", "She likes your car"
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possessive case
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case form of a pronoun indicating ownership or possession
eg: "Mine are blue", "This car is hers"
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possessive pronoun
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pronoun that indicates ownership or possession
eg: "Where is mine?", "These are yours"
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predicate
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one of the two main parts (subject and predicate) of a sentence; the predicate is the part that is not the subject
eg: "My brother is a doctor", "Who did you call?", "The woman wearing a blue dress helped me"
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prefix
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affix that occurs before the root or stem of a word
eg: impossible, reload
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preposition
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part of speech that typically comes before a noun phrase and shows some type of relationship between that noun phrase and another element (including relationships of time, location, purpose etc)
eg: "We sleep at night", "I live in London", "This is for digging"
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prepositional verb
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multi-word verb that is formed with verb + preposition
eg: believe in, look after
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present participle
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-ing form of a verb (except when it is a gerund or verbal noun)
eg: "We were eating", "The man shouting at the back is rude", "I saw Tara playing tennis"
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present simple (also called "simple present")
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tense usually used to describe states and actions that are general, habitual or (with the verb "to be") true right now; formed with the basic verb (+ s for 3rd person singular)
eg: "Canada sounds beautiful", "She walks to school", "I am very happy"
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present continuous (also called "present progressive")
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tense used to describe action that is in process now, or a plan for the future; formed with BE + VERB-ing
eg: "We are watching TV", "I am moving to Canada next month"
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present perfect
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tense that connects the past and the present, typically used to express experience, change or a continuing situation; formed with HAVE + VERB-ed
eg: "I have worked there", "John has broken his leg", "How long have you been in Canada?"
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present perfect continuous
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tense used to describe an action that has recently stopped or an action continuing up to now; formed with HAVE + BEEN + VERB-ing
eg: "I'm tired because I've been running", "He has been living in Canada for two years"
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progressive
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another term for continuous
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pronoun
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word that replaces a noun or noun phrase; there are several types including personal pronouns, relative pronouns and indefinite pronouns
eg: you, he, him; who, which; somebody, anything
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proper noun
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noun that is capitalized at all times and is the name of a person, place or thing
eg: Shakespeare, Tokyo, EnglishClub.com
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punctuation
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standard marks such as commas, periods and question marks within a sentence
eg: , . ? ! - ; :
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quantifier
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determiner or pronoun that indicates quantity
eg: some, many, all
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question tag
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final part of a tag question; mini-question at end of a tag question
eg: "Snow isn't black, is it?"
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question word
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another term for WH-word
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reciprocal pronoun
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pronoun that indicates that two or more subjects are acting mutually; there are two in English - each other, one another
eg: "John and Mary were shouting at each other", "The students accused one another of cheating"
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reduced relative clause
(also called &q
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